A full-stack web application using Python involves both front-end and back-end development. The key components are as follows:

Front-end (Client-side): This includes the user interface and experience, typically developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Frameworks like React or Vue.js can be used to create dynamic and responsive web pages. The front-end communicates with the back-end through HTTP requests.

Back-end (Server-side): Python plays a crucial role here, with frameworks like Django or Flask being popular choices for building the server-side logic. The back-end handles the business logic, database interactions, user authentication, and server-side routing.

Database: The database stores and manages data. Common databases used in Python web applications include PostgreSQL, MySQL, or SQLite. The back-end communicates with the database using Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) systems like Django’s ORM or SQLAlchemy.

APIs: RESTful APIs or GraphQL are often used to facilitate communication between the front-end and back-end, allowing data to flow between the two seamlessly.

Hosting & Deployment: Tools like Docker, AWS, or Heroku are used to deploy and manage the application in a production environment.

Mastering these components is essential, and enrolling in a Python certification course can help you build proficiency in full-stack web development.