An embedded system is a specialized computing system that performs dedicated functions or tasks within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers, which can run a variety of applications, embedded systems are designed for specific control functions, often with real-time computing constraints. These systems are integral parts of a larger device, such as household appliances, automobiles, medical equipment, and industrial machines.

Embedded systems are typically resource-constrained, meaning they have limited processing power, memory, and storage. They are built using microcontrollers or microprocessors, which integrate the processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip. The software for embedded systems is usually stored in firmware, a type of non-volatile memory, and is designed to operate with minimal human intervention.

One of the defining characteristics of embedded systems is their ability to interact with the physical world through sensors and actuators. Sensors collect data from the environment, which the system processes to make decisions, and actuators then carry out these decisions. This interaction enables embedded systems to control complex processes and machinery efficiently.

For those interested in gaining expertise in this field, pursuing an embedded system certification course can provide the necessary knowledge and skills to design, develop, and maintain these specialized systems.