Interrupt handlers, also known as Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs), are specialized functions in embedded programming that respond to hardware or software events. When an interrupt occurs, the normal execution of the program is halted, and the processor immediately switches to the interrupt handler to address the event, such as a signal from a sensor or a timer overflow. Once the interrupt is serviced, the system resumes normal operation.

These handlers are crucial for real-time systems, where immediate responses to events are required. ISRs are typically small, efficient routines that execute quickly to minimize disruption to the main program. However, care must be taken to avoid issues like race conditions or priority inversion, where multiple interrupts compete for processing time.

In embedded systems, interrupt handlers are vital for handling tasks like data acquisition, communication protocols, and system monitoring without constant polling. They allow systems to operate efficiently by only using resources when an event occurs, making them a cornerstone in designing responsive, low-power systems.

For a deeper understanding of how to implement and optimize interrupt handlers, pursuing an embedded system certification course can provide valuable hands-on experience and advanced knowledge.